Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 7457 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and October 15, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 9.32% are Black/African American, 18.89% are LatinX, and 29.14% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 1963)\)
  • No \((N = 4398)\)
  • Didn’t Qualify \((N = 892)\)
  • Intend to apply \((N = 185)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.01 .940
Intend to apply 0.60 .440
No 4.95 .026
Yes 5.12 .024

West

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.00 > .999
Intend to apply 0.00 > .999
No 1.62 .202
Yes 2.03 .154

Northeast

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.05 .820
Intend to apply 2.78 .096
No 1.56 .211
Yes 0.95 .330

Midwest

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.01 .921
Intend to apply 0.28 .599
No 0.00 .956
Yes 0.03 .862

Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 2.40 .121
Intend to apply 21.74 < .001
No 38.56 < .001
Yes 41.24 < .001

LatinX

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.21 .647
Intend to apply 0.27 .607
No 6.48 .011
Yes 5.07 .024

Low income

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 24.70 < .001
Intend to apply 13.61 < .001
No 700.41 < .001
Yes 1018.20 < .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 30.98 < .001
Intend to apply 16.23 .001
No 800.95 < .001
Yes 1118.26 < .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 25.64 < .001
Intend to apply 34.27 < .001
No 714.93 < .001
Yes 1027.13 < .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 28.86 < .001
Intend to apply 15.03 .002
No 709.09 < .001
Yes 1033.04 < .001

Income by South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 28.86 < .001
Intend to apply 15.03 .002
No 709.09 < .001
Yes 1033.04 < .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Health/Medical \((N = 1067)\)
  • Food \((N = 370)\)
  • Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 294)\)
  • Disability (not military) \((N = 243)\)
  • Military Pension \((N = 2)\)
  • Military Disability \((N = )\)
  • Military Medical Care \((N = 3)\)
  • Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 145)\)
  • Housing Subsidy \((N = 48)\)
  • Child Care Subsidy \((N = 28)\)
  • Other \((N = 31)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Health 0.02 .896
Food 0.05 .817
Income 0.00 .959
Disability 1.19 .275
Military pension 1.42 .234
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.44 .507
Military 1.47 .225
Housing 0.14 .703
Childcare 0.26 .613
Other 0.00 > .999

West

key statistic p.value
Health 0.01 .941
Food 0.27 .605
Income 0.04 .841
Disability 8.47 .004
Military pension 0.00 .974
Military disability 0.27 .601
Military medical 0.90 .344
Military 6.39 .011
Housing 5.32 .021
Childcare 0.00 > .999
Other 0.05 .817

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Health 4.35 .037
Food 1.28 .258
Income 5.01 .025
Disability 0.65 .420
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.03 .860
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 0.39 .530
Housing 1.39 .239
Childcare 2.60 .107
Other 0.46 .498

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Health 2.22 .136
Food 0.48 .486
Income 2.30 .129
Disability 6.15 .013
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 0.27 .605
Housing 3.27 .071
Childcare 0.22 .640
Other 0.92 .338

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 2.60 .107
Food 34.81 < .001
Income 70.93 < .001
Disability 0.42 .517
Military pension 0.58 .447
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 6.84 .009
Housing 8.96 .003
Childcare 1.50 .220
Other 0.00 > .999

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 2.24 .135
Food 3.17 .075
Income 0.35 .552
Disability 0.01 .943
Military pension 0.05 .830
Military disability 0.89 .347
Military medical 0.01 .917
Military 0.39 .532
Housing 4.12 .042
Childcare 0.00 > .999
Other 2.24 .135

Low income

key statistic p.value
Health 478.85 < .001
Food 103.50 < .001
Income 146.90 < .001
Disability 105.39 < .001
Military disability 0.06 .802
Military medical 0.06 .802
Military 92.54 < .001
Housing 31.93 < .001
Childcare 1.34 .247
Other 13.83 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Health 513.44 < .001
Food 112.92 < .001
Income 172.18 < .001
Disability 190.86 < .001
Military disability 1.54 .672
Military medical 1.54 .672
Military 118.83 < .001
Housing 37.33 < .001
Childcare 2.77 .429
Other 16.78 .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 481.91 < .001
Food 131.02 < .001
Income 215.12 < .001
Disability 105.58 < .001
Military disability 1.23 .746
Military medical 1.23 .746
Military 99.70 < .001
Housing 37.72 < .001
Childcare 2.73 .435
Other 15.84 .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 499.35 < .001
Food 117.35 < .001
Income 154.75 < .001
Disability 105.60 < .001
Military disability 16.46 .001
Military medical 1.59 .663
Military 104.19 < .001
Housing 46.31 < .001
Childcare 3.27 .352
Other 25.95 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Health 486.91 < .001
Food 108.60 < .001
Income 149.44 < .001
Disability 112.88 < .001
Military disability 2.47 .482
Military medical 2.47 .482
Military 93.99 < .001
Housing 35.74 < .001
Childcare 2.01 .571
Other 16.41 .001

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

  • Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 3666)\)
  • No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 225)\)
  • No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 399)\)
  • Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 117)\)
  • Other \((N = 57)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.42 .515
No, not expected 0.01 .909
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 0.05 .824
Yes 0.39 .535

West

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.12 .726
No, not expected 14.54 < .001
Other 0.09 .768
Unsure 1.12 .290
Yes 10.82 .001

Northeast

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.01 .935
No, not expected 2.24 .135
Other 0.27 .600
Unsure 0.44 .509
Yes 2.47 .116

Midwest

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.19 .660
No, not expected 8.25 .004
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 0.65 .421
Yes 8.01 .005

Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 11.03 .001
No, not expected 1.08 .300
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 9.87 .002
Yes 5.12 .024

LatinX

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.00 .968
No, not expected 8.41 .004
Other 0.49 .483
Unsure 2.41 .121
Yes 10.34 .001

Low income

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.76 .384
No, not expected 0.29 .587
Other 25.03 < .001
Unsure 11.18 .001
Yes 7.95 .005

Income by Employment

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 2.13 .547
No, not expected 0.99 .805
Other 28.21 < .001
Unsure 18.61 < .001
Yes 9.39 .024

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 16.35 .001
No, not expected 2.65 .449
Other 26.76 < .001
Unsure 21.86 < .001
Yes 15.53 .001

Income by Latinx

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 1.89 .596
No, not expected 9.33 .025
Other 30.61 < .001
Unsure 12.76 .005
Yes 17.60 .001

Income by South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 1.89 .596
No, not expected 9.33 .025
Other 30.61 < .001
Unsure 12.76 .005
Yes 17.60 .001

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

  • Has decreased \((N = 3299)\)
  • Has stayed the same \((N = 3183)\)
  • Has increased \((N = 936)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 5.44 .020
Increased 10.14 .001
Stayed the same 0.03 .861

West

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 1.08 .298
Increased 0.10 .754
Stayed the same 1.64 .200

Northeast

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 4.11 .043
Increased 2.95 .086
Stayed the same 0.72 .396

Midwest

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 3.84 .050
Increased 2.89 .089
Stayed the same 0.63 .426

Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 9.54 .002
Increased 2.40 .121
Stayed the same 4.08 .043

LatinX

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 40.14 < .001
Increased 3.94 .047
Stayed the same 24.94 < .001

Low income

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 105.45 < .001
Increased 1.96 .161
Stayed the same 128.24 < .001

Income by Employment

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 221.63 < .001
Increased 9.89 .020
Stayed the same 200.53 < .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 101.36 < .001
Increased 7.46 .059
Stayed the same 113.12 < .001

Income by Latinx

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 116.10 < .001
Increased 2.76 .430
Stayed the same 126.64 < .001

Income by South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 116.10 < .001
Increased 2.76 .430
Stayed the same 126.64 < .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

  • No problems \((N = 2129)\)
  • Minor problems \((N = 3790)\)
  • Major problems \((N = 1165)\)
  • Extreme problems \((N = 366)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 18.58 < .001
Minor 0.06 .810
Major 17.61 < .001
Extreme 1.66 .197

West

financial_status statistic p.value
None 3.57 .059
Minor 0.29 .593
Major 2.15 .143
Extreme 7.37 .007

Northeast

financial_status statistic p.value
None 7.20 .007
Minor 2.08 .149
Major 1.90 .168
Extreme 0.00 .968

Midwest

financial_status statistic p.value
None 0.28 .597
Minor 0.13 .718
Major 3.79 .051
Extreme 1.44 .230

Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 23.51 < .001
Minor 0.06 .809
Major 12.88 < .001
Extreme 21.64 < .001

LatinX

financial_status statistic p.value
None 38.79 < .001
Minor 5.33 .021
Major 16.16 < .001
Extreme 0.61 .437

Low income

financial_status statistic p.value
None 496.92 < .001
Minor 3.92 .048
Major 276.29 < .001
Extreme 203.85 < .001

Income by Employment

financial_status statistic p.value
None 586.06 < .001
Minor 42.96 < .001
Major 339.24 < .001
Extreme 302.06 < .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 507.03 < .001
Minor 7.01 .072
Major 283.81 < .001
Extreme 217.90 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.012
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.039
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status statistic p.value
None 517.31 < .001
Minor 8.06 .045
Major 280.28 < .001
Extreme 211.00 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.012
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.039
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 517.31 < .001
Minor 8.06 .045
Major 280.28 < .001
Extreme 211.00 < .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5319)\)
  • Yes \((N = 2129)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 5.14 .023
Yes 5.14 .023

West

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 5 .025
Yes 5 .025

Northeast

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 2.51 .113
Yes 2.51 .113

Midwest

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 2.56 .110
Yes 2.56 .110

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 0.02 .883
Yes 0.02 .883

LatinX

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 20.32 < .001
Yes 20.32 < .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 47.34 < .001
Yes 47.34 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 82.39 < .001
Yes 82.39 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 62.59 < .001
Yes 62.59 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 59.55 < .001
Yes 59.55 < .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 59.55 < .001
Yes 59.55 < .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

  • No \((N = 6073)\)
  • Yes \((N = 815)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 4.5 .034
Yes 4.5 .034

West

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 1.05 .305
Yes 1.05 .305

Northeast

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.3 .586
Yes 0.3 .586

Midwest

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.6 .437
Yes 0.6 .437

Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.18 .675
Yes 0.18 .675

LatinX

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 23.92 < .001
Yes 23.92 < .001

Low income

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 31.47 < .001
Yes 31.47 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 72.15 < .001
Yes 72.15 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 39.89 < .001
Yes 39.89 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 45.91 < .001
Yes 45.91 < .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 45.91 < .001
Yes 45.91 < .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Cost \((N = 140)\)
  • Unable to get time away from work \((N = 135)\)
  • Inability to find childcare \((N = 234)\)
  • Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1681)\)
  • Caring for family members \((N = 127)\)
  • Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 144)\)
  • Other, please describe \((N = 400)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Cost 1.75 .186
Time away from work 0.87 .351
Inability find childcare 1.09 .296
Concern for covid 0.43 .510
Caring for family 0.00 .974
Vaccine hesitancy 0.00 > .999
Other 12.05 .001

West

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.01 .907
Time away from work 1.38 .240
Inability find childcare 1.18 .278
Concern for covid 2.24 .134
Caring for family 1.24 .265
Vaccine hesitancy 0.55 .460
Other 0.53 .465

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Cost 3.73 .053
Time away from work 1.68 .195
Inability find childcare 0.03 .863
Concern for covid 2.09 .148
Caring for family 4.32 .038
Vaccine hesitancy 1.74 .187
Other 1.68 .195

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.00 > .999
Time away from work 1.33 .248
Inability find childcare 0.04 .841
Concern for covid 0.19 .665
Caring for family 0.15 .701
Vaccine hesitancy 0.10 .756
Other 3.67 .055

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.00 > .999
Time away from work 3.09 .079
Inability find childcare 0.14 .709
Concern for covid 0.70 .401
Caring for family 0.04 .846
Vaccine hesitancy 6.84 .009
Other 10.95 .001

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 7.44 .006
Time away from work 1.23 .268
Inability find childcare 2.00 .157
Concern for covid 26.57 < .001
Caring for family 2.37 .124
Vaccine hesitancy 0.02 .876
Other 5.64 .018

Low income

key statistic p.value
Cost 10.65 .001
Time away from work 3.14 .076
Inability find childcare 24.86 < .001
Concern for covid 37.95 < .001
Caring for family 13.30 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 11.92 .001
Other 0.54 .462

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Cost 22.10 < .001
Time away from work 13.13 .004
Inability find childcare 37.69 < .001
Concern for covid 68.73 < .001
Caring for family 22.98 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 23.64 < .001
Other 7.23 .065

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 13.79 .003
Time away from work 4.93 .177
Inability find childcare 26.41 < .001
Concern for covid 48.54 < .001
Caring for family 18.72 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 18.09 < .001
Other 14.90 .002

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 13.82 .003
Time away from work 7.86 .049
Inability find childcare 28.07 < .001
Concern for covid 57.50 < .001
Caring for family 21.64 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 16.63 .001
Other 5.75 .124

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Cost 13.24 .004
Time away from work 5.45 .142
Inability find childcare 27.15 < .001
Concern for covid 39.68 < .001
Caring for family 14.11 .003
Vaccine hesitancy 15.91 .001
Other 10.98 .012

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2422)\)
  • No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1212)\)
  • No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3440)\)
  • Unsure \((N = 366)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.23 .635
No, not eligible 11.54 .001
Unsure 0.00 .949
Yes 15.66 < .001

West

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 5.24 .022
No, not eligible 1.03 .309
Unsure 1.31 .252
Yes 0.02 .888

Northeast

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 6.63 .010
No, not eligible 28.58 < .001
Unsure 0.06 .800
Yes 14.21 < .001

Midwest

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.14 .705
No, not eligible 0.08 .780
Unsure 0.59 .441
Yes 1.02 .313

Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 4.28 .039
No, not eligible 82.90 < .001
Unsure 0.74 .391
Yes 71.48 < .001

LatinX

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.62 .057
No, not eligible 62.27 < .001
Unsure 3.87 .049
Yes 35.12 < .001

Low income

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 4.88 .027
No, not eligible 1094.68 < .001
Unsure 6.61 .010
Yes 1307.99 < .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 14.70 .002
No, not eligible 1147.83 < .001
Unsure 9.80 .020
Yes 1350.51 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 21.47 < .001
No, not eligible 1125.95 < .001
Unsure 11.69 .009
Yes 1321.65 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 10.25 .017
No, not eligible 1121.16 < .001
Unsure 11.07 .011
Yes 1325.42 < .001

Income by South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 10.25 .017
No, not eligible 1121.16 < .001
Unsure 11.07 .011
Yes 1325.42 < .001

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

  • Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1761)\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1328)\)
  • No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1761)\)
  • No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1321)\)
  • No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 137)\)
  • Not applicable \((N = 500)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.26 .609
No, didn’t know how 1.79 .181
No, not available 18.40 < .001
No, planned 0.26 .610
Yes 13.97 < .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.60 .207
No, didn’t know how 2.62 .106
No, not available 18.97 < .001
No, planned 2.31 .128
Yes 5.53 .019

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 4.21 .040
No, didn’t know how 0.88 .348
No, not available 0.00 .990
No, planned 7.14 .008
Yes 13.37 < .001

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.05 .306
No, didn’t know how 5.85 .016
No, not available 0.02 .883
No, planned 0.00 .954
Yes 2.09 .148

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.50 .221
No, didn’t know how 1.29 .256
No, not available 7.59 .006
No, planned 14.78 < .001
Yes 25.58 < .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.11 .293
No, didn’t know how 1.33 .250
No, not available 4.52 .033
No, planned 51.17 < .001
Yes 60.28 < .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.45 .503
No, didn’t know how 8.73 .003
No, not available 106.17 < .001
No, planned 193.22 < .001
Yes 513.17 < .001
free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.45 .503
No, didn’t know how 8.73 .003
No, not available 106.17 < .001
No, planned 193.22 < .001
Yes 513.17 < .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 4.13 .248
No, didn’t know how 9.97 .019
No, not available 110.79 < .001
No, planned 210.52 < .001
Yes 542.18 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 5.13 .162
No, didn’t know how 16.30 .001
No, not available 110.33 < .001
No, planned 198.40 < .001
Yes 516.43 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.81 .612
No, didn’t know how 11.91 .008
No, not available 110.16 < .001
No, planned 224.86 < .001
Yes 539.68 < .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.81 .612
No, didn’t know how 11.91 .008
No, not available 110.16 < .001
No, planned 224.86 < .001
Yes 539.68 < .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

  • Very hard \((N = 545)\)
  • Hard \((N = 814)\)
  • Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
  • Not very hard \((N = 4147)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 25.59 < .001
Somewhat hard 10.45 .001
Hard 2.81 .093
Very hard 4.40 .036

West

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 7.24 .007
Somewhat hard 3.35 .067
Hard 0.95 .328
Very hard 10.38 .001

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 7.04 .008
Somewhat hard 2.69 .101
Hard 0.44 .506
Very hard 1.90 .168

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 0.33 .568
Somewhat hard 0.07 .786
Hard 5.43 .020
Very hard 4.67 .031

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 39.39 < .001
Somewhat hard 10.74 .001
Hard 4.43 .035
Very hard 14.21 < .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 65.85 < .001
Somewhat hard 21.07 < .001
Hard 25.39 < .001
Very hard 2.54 .111

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 888.38 < .001
Somewhat hard 186.00 < .001
Hard 210.60 < .001
Very hard 283.25 < .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 995.88 < .001
Somewhat hard 218.91 < .001
Hard 225.54 < .001
Very hard 356.56 < .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 915.38 < .001
Somewhat hard 200.33 < .001
Hard 218.21 < .001
Very hard 285.97 < .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 918.83 < .001
Somewhat hard 193.45 < .001
Hard 232.19 < .001
Very hard 286.36 < .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 918.83 < .001
Somewhat hard 193.45 < .001
Hard 232.19 < .001
Very hard 286.36 < .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Food \((N = 1607)\)
  • Housing \((N = 1742)\)
  • Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
  • Healthcare \((N = 771)\)
  • Social \((N = 767)\)
  • Emotional \((N = 826)\)
  • Childcare \((N = 697)\)
  • Other \((N = 210)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Food 3.08 .079
House 8.74 .003
Utilities 22.04 < .001
Healthcare 17.28 < .001
Social 2.44 .119
Emotional 0.22 .641
Childcare 5.53 .019
Other 0.54 .462

West

key statistic p.value
Food 1.38 .241
House 0.48 .490
Utilities 14.79 < .001
Healthcare 1.34 .248
Social 0.01 .932
Emotional 0.76 .383
Childcare 0.06 .801
Other 0.09 .767

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Food 6.70 .010
House 1.41 .235
Utilities 1.46 .228
Healthcare 16.36 < .001
Social 0.20 .652
Emotional 0.84 .359
Childcare 5.20 .023
Other 0.00 > .999

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Food 2.14 .143
House 2.34 .126
Utilities 0.04 .840
Healthcare 0.00 > .999
Social 2.13 .145
Emotional 1.36 .243
Childcare 0.11 .738
Other 0.16 .686

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 13.21 < .001
House 10.43 .001
Utilities 17.28 < .001
Healthcare 0.10 .749
Social 1.39 .239
Emotional 0.11 .743
Childcare 23.38 < .001
Other 0.48 .489

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 34.91 < .001
House 47.90 < .001
Utilities 43.05 < .001
Healthcare 8.43 .004
Social 0.04 .835
Emotional 1.00 .317
Childcare 1.02 .311
Other 0.00 .960

Low income

key statistic p.value
Food 267.72 < .001
House 426.90 < .001
Utilities 765.29 < .001
Healthcare 9.18 .002
Social 150.99 < .001
Emotional 175.55 < .001
Childcare 34.73 < .001
Other 68.52 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Food 317.05 < .001
House 510.11 < .001
Utilities 868.88 < .001
Healthcare 35.65 < .001
Social 172.95 < .001
Emotional 210.92 < .001
Childcare 35.95 < .001
Other 76.54 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 279.24 < .001
House 433.10 < .001
Utilities 788.77 < .001
Healthcare 11.17 .011
Social 164.48 < .001
Emotional 181.76 < .001
Childcare 55.47 < .001
Other 70.79 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 289.53 < .001
House 450.63 < .001
Utilities 782.78 < .001
Healthcare 20.75 < .001
Social 164.38 < .001
Emotional 196.92 < .001
Childcare 41.52 < .001
Other 70.88 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Food 280.21 < .001
House 437.62 < .001
Utilities 774.98 < .001
Healthcare 26.74 < .001
Social 167.09 < .001
Emotional 179.17 < .001
Childcare 39.36 < .001
Other 72.37 < .001

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

  • 0 \((N = 4234)\)
  • 1 \((N = 686)\)
  • 2 \((N = 947)\)
  • 3 \((N = 774)\)
  • 4 \((N = 431)\)
  • 5 \((N = 222)\)
  • 6 \((N = 102)\)
  • 7 \((N = 57)\)
  • 8 \((N = 4)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 24.95 < .001
1 1.82 .178
2 13.91 < .001
3 3.46 .063
4 0.47 .494
5 0.11 .743
6 0.87 .351

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 7.80 .005
1 0.87 .352
2 5.73 .017
3 0.49 .485
4 0.06 .803
5 0.04 .844
6 1.56 .212

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 7.08 .008
1 0.00 > .999
2 1.69 .193
3 1.18 .277
4 3.24 .072
5 0.15 .699
6 0.00 .982

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 0.15 .699
1 0.25 .616
2 0.27 .605
3 0.12 .729
4 0.16 .688
5 0.25 .618
6 0.07 .793

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 37.45 < .001
1 23.91 < .001
2 10.84 .001
3 0.47 .491
4 0.83 .364
5 0.08 .771
6 0.38 .537

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 63.83 < .001
1 19.86 < .001
2 17.87 < .001
3 5.38 .020
4 0.79 .373
5 0.06 .804
6 2.54 .111

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 857.00 < .001
1 89.33 < .001
2 189.68 < .001
3 125.54 < .001
4 89.00 < .001
5 30.62 < .001
6 19.27 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 963.62 < .001
1 97.55 < .001
2 231.95 < .001
3 139.70 < .001
4 92.94 < .001
5 44.59 < .001
6 29.17 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 884.96 < .001
1 102.77 < .001
2 195.81 < .001
3 134.00 < .001
4 91.62 < .001
5 33.46 < .001
6 21.84 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.003
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.126
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 886.00 < .001
1 99.96 < .001
2 198.62 < .001
3 127.36 < .001
4 92.96 < .001
5 38.55 < .001
6 25.30 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.368
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 886.00 < .001
1 99.96 < .001
2 198.62 < .001
3 127.36 < .001
4 92.96 < .001
5 38.55 < .001
6 25.30 < .001

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 24.95 < .001
1+ 24.95 < .001

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 7.8 .005
1+ 7.8 .005

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 7.08 .008
1+ 7.08 .008

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 0.15 .699
1+ 0.15 .699

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 37.45 < .001
1+ 37.45 < .001

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 63.83 < .001
1+ 63.83 < .001

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 857 < .001
1+ 857 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 963.62 < .001
1+ 963.62 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 884.96 < .001
1+ 884.96 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.195
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 886 < .001
1+ 886 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.195
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 886 < .001
1+ 886 < .001