Policy-relevant questions

Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 7457 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and October 15, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 9.32% are Black/African American, 18.89% are LatinX, and 29.14% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 1963)\)
• No \((N = 4398)\)
• Didn’t Qualify \((N = 892)\)
• Intend to apply \((N = 185)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.01	.940
Intend to apply	0.60	.440
No	4.95	.026
Yes	5.12	.024

West

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.00	> .999
Intend to apply	0.00	> .999
No	1.62	.202
Yes	2.03	.154

Northeast

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.05	.820
Intend to apply	2.78	.096
No	1.56	.211
Yes	0.95	.330

Midwest

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.01	.921
Intend to apply	0.28	.599
No	0.00	.956
Yes	0.03	.862

Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	2.40	.121
Intend to apply	21.74	< .001
No	38.56	< .001
Yes	41.24	< .001

LatinX

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.21	.647
Intend to apply	0.27	.607
No	6.48	.011
Yes	5.07	.024

Low income

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	24.70	< .001
Intend to apply	13.61	< .001
No	700.41	< .001
Yes	1018.20	< .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	30.98	< .001
Intend to apply	16.23	.001
No	800.95	< .001
Yes	1118.26	< .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	25.64	< .001
Intend to apply	34.27	< .001
No	714.93	< .001
Yes	1027.13	< .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	28.86	< .001
Intend to apply	15.03	.002
No	709.09	< .001
Yes	1033.04	< .001

Income by South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	28.86	< .001
Intend to apply	15.03	.002
No	709.09	< .001
Yes	1033.04	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Didn’t Qualify - Intend to apply	-3.50	-7.44	0.44	.303
Didn’t Qualify - No	4.92	3.13	6.71	< .001
Didn’t Qualify - Yes	-3.47	-5.44	-1.49	.003
Intend to apply - No	8.42	4.75	12.08	< .001
Intend to apply - Yes	0.03	-3.72	3.79	> .999
No - Yes	-8.38	-9.71	-7.06	< .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Health/Medical \((N = 1067)\)
• Food \((N = 370)\)
• Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 294)\)
• Disability (not military) \((N = 243)\)
• Military Pension \((N = 2)\)
• Military Disability \((N = )\)
• Military Medical Care \((N = 3)\)
• Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 145)\)
• Housing Subsidy \((N = 48)\)
• Child Care Subsidy \((N = 28)\)
• Other \((N = 31)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.02	.896
Food	0.05	.817
Income	0.00	.959
Disability	1.19	.275
Military pension	1.42	.234
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.44	.507
Military	1.47	.225
Housing	0.14	.703
Childcare	0.26	.613
Other	0.00	> .999

West

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.01	.941
Food	0.27	.605
Income	0.04	.841
Disability	8.47	.004
Military pension	0.00	.974
Military disability	0.27	.601
Military medical	0.90	.344
Military	6.39	.011
Housing	5.32	.021
Childcare	0.00	> .999
Other	0.05	.817

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Health	4.35	.037
Food	1.28	.258
Income	5.01	.025
Disability	0.65	.420
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.03	.860
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	0.39	.530
Housing	1.39	.239
Childcare	2.60	.107
Other	0.46	.498

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.22	.136
Food	0.48	.486
Income	2.30	.129
Disability	6.15	.013
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	0.27	.605
Housing	3.27	.071
Childcare	0.22	.640
Other	0.92	.338

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.60	.107
Food	34.81	< .001
Income	70.93	< .001
Disability	0.42	.517
Military pension	0.58	.447
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	6.84	.009
Housing	8.96	.003
Childcare	1.50	.220
Other	0.00	> .999

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.24	.135
Food	3.17	.075
Income	0.35	.552
Disability	0.01	.943
Military pension	0.05	.830
Military disability	0.89	.347
Military medical	0.01	.917
Military	0.39	.532
Housing	4.12	.042
Childcare	0.00	> .999
Other	2.24	.135

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Health	478.85	< .001
Food	103.50	< .001
Income	146.90	< .001
Disability	105.39	< .001
Military disability	0.06	.802
Military medical	0.06	.802
Military	92.54	< .001
Housing	31.93	< .001
Childcare	1.34	.247
Other	13.83	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Health	513.44	< .001
Food	112.92	< .001
Income	172.18	< .001
Disability	190.86	< .001
Military disability	1.54	.672
Military medical	1.54	.672
Military	118.83	< .001
Housing	37.33	< .001
Childcare	2.77	.429
Other	16.78	.001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	481.91	< .001
Food	131.02	< .001
Income	215.12	< .001
Disability	105.58	< .001
Military disability	1.23	.746
Military medical	1.23	.746
Military	99.70	< .001
Housing	37.72	< .001
Childcare	2.73	.435
Other	15.84	.001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	499.35	< .001
Food	117.35	< .001
Income	154.75	< .001
Disability	105.60	< .001
Military disability	16.46	.001
Military medical	1.59	.663
Military	104.19	< .001
Housing	46.31	< .001
Childcare	3.27	.352
Other	25.95	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	486.91	< .001
Food	108.60	< .001
Income	149.44	< .001
Disability	112.88	< .001
Military disability	2.47	.482
Military medical	2.47	.482
Military	93.99	< .001
Housing	35.74	< .001
Childcare	2.01	.571
Other	16.41	.001

Related to well-being

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

• Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 3666)\)
• No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 225)\)
• No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 399)\)
• Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 117)\)
• Other \((N = 57)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.42	.515
No, not expected	0.01	.909
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	0.05	.824
Yes	0.39	.535

West

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.12	.726
No, not expected	14.54	< .001
Other	0.09	.768
Unsure	1.12	.290
Yes	10.82	.001

Northeast

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.01	.935
No, not expected	2.24	.135
Other	0.27	.600
Unsure	0.44	.509
Yes	2.47	.116

Midwest

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.19	.660
No, not expected	8.25	.004
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	0.65	.421
Yes	8.01	.005

Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	11.03	.001
No, not expected	1.08	.300
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	9.87	.002
Yes	5.12	.024

LatinX

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.00	.968
No, not expected	8.41	.004
Other	0.49	.483
Unsure	2.41	.121
Yes	10.34	.001

Low income

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.76	.384
No, not expected	0.29	.587
Other	25.03	< .001
Unsure	11.18	.001
Yes	7.95	.005

Income by Employment

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	2.13	.547
No, not expected	0.99	.805
Other	28.21	< .001
Unsure	18.61	< .001
Yes	9.39	.024

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	16.35	.001
No, not expected	2.65	.449
Other	26.76	< .001
Unsure	21.86	< .001
Yes	15.53	.001

Income by Latinx

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	1.89	.596
No, not expected	9.33	.025
Other	30.61	< .001
Unsure	12.76	.005
Yes	17.60	.001

Income by South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	1.89	.596
No, not expected	9.33	.025
Other	30.61	< .001
Unsure	12.76	.005
Yes	17.60	.001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, expected - No, not expected	0.34	-3.79	4.46	> .999
No, expected - Other	-2.64	-9.97	4.70	.955
No, expected - Unsure	2.47	-3.17	8.11	.912
No, expected - Yes	0.05	-3.35	3.45	> .999
No, not expected - Other	-2.98	-9.98	4.03	.920
No, not expected - Unsure	2.13	-3.07	7.33	.929
No, not expected - Yes	-0.29	-2.90	2.32	> .999
Other - Unsure	5.11	-2.88	13.10	.720
Other - Yes	2.69	-3.91	9.29	.931
Unsure - Yes	-2.42	-7.07	2.22	.846

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

• Has decreased \((N = 3299)\)
• Has stayed the same \((N = 3183)\)
• Has increased \((N = 936)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	5.44	.020
Increased	10.14	.001
Stayed the same	0.03	.861

West

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	1.08	.298
Increased	0.10	.754
Stayed the same	1.64	.200

Northeast

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	4.11	.043
Increased	2.95	.086
Stayed the same	0.72	.396

Midwest

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	3.84	.050
Increased	2.89	.089
Stayed the same	0.63	.426

Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	9.54	.002
Increased	2.40	.121
Stayed the same	4.08	.043

LatinX

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	40.14	< .001
Increased	3.94	.047
Stayed the same	24.94	< .001

Low income

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	105.45	< .001
Increased	1.96	.161
Stayed the same	128.24	< .001

Income by Employment

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	221.63	< .001
Increased	9.89	.020
Stayed the same	200.53	< .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	101.36	< .001
Increased	7.46	.059
Stayed the same	113.12	< .001

Income by Latinx

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	116.10	< .001
Increased	2.76	.430
Stayed the same	126.64	< .001

Income by South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	116.10	< .001
Increased	2.76	.430
Stayed the same	126.64	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	6.05	4.25	7.85	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	8.90	7.69	10.11	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	2.85	1.04	4.66	.006

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Increased	-6.07	-12.04	-0.09	.047
Decreased	-5.39	-8.18	-2.60	< .001
Stayed the same	-4.25	-7.29	-1.21	.012

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Increased	-0.73	-5.06	3.59	> .999
Decreased	-2.69	-4.76	-0.63	.032
Stayed the same	0.32	-1.98	2.63	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Increased	8.02	4.45	11.59	< .001
Decreased	6.29	4.45	8.12	< .001
Stayed the same	3.72	1.65	5.78	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Increased	12.68	6.83	18.54	< .001
Decreased	10.23	6.78	13.68	< .001
Stayed the same	14.06	10.31	17.81	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	0.92	-1.20	3.05	.669
Decreased - Stayed the same	5.68	4.26	7.11	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	4.76	2.62	6.89	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Increased	-2.91	-9.77	3.95	.406
Decreased	-5.27	-8.57	-1.97	.005
Stayed the same	-5.35	-8.94	-1.75	.007

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Increased	2.17	-2.79	7.13	.512
Decreased	-1.42	-3.87	1.03	.512
Stayed the same	2.62	-0.10	5.35	.178

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Increased	9.45	5.35	13.55	< .001
Decreased	3.47	1.27	5.67	.002
Stayed the same	4.09	1.65	6.52	.002

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Increased	16.99	10.31	23.67	< .001
Decreased	14.93	10.85	19.01	< .001
Stayed the same	19.55	15.13	23.96	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	3.48	1.82	5.14	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	7.29	6.18	8.41	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	3.81	2.15	5.48	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Increased	-4.49	-9.93	0.94	.106
Decreased	-5.35	-7.90	-2.79	< .001
Stayed the same	-4.85	-7.68	-2.03	.002

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Increased	0.74	-3.19	4.68	.711
Decreased	-2.01	-3.91	-0.12	.112
Stayed the same	1.47	-0.67	3.62	.355

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Increased	8.74	5.51	11.97	< .001
Decreased	4.87	3.18	6.55	< .001
Stayed the same	3.87	1.96	5.79	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Increased	14.83	9.54	20.12	< .001
Decreased	12.56	9.41	15.71	< .001
Stayed the same	16.80	13.34	20.27	< .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

• No problems \((N = 2129)\)
• Minor problems \((N = 3790)\)
• Major problems \((N = 1165)\)
• Extreme problems \((N = 366)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	18.58	< .001
Minor	0.06	.810
Major	17.61	< .001
Extreme	1.66	.197

West

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	3.57	.059
Minor	0.29	.593
Major	2.15	.143
Extreme	7.37	.007

Northeast

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	7.20	.007
Minor	2.08	.149
Major	1.90	.168
Extreme	0.00	.968

Midwest

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	0.28	.597
Minor	0.13	.718
Major	3.79	.051
Extreme	1.44	.230

Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	23.51	< .001
Minor	0.06	.809
Major	12.88	< .001
Extreme	21.64	< .001

LatinX

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	38.79	< .001
Minor	5.33	.021
Major	16.16	< .001
Extreme	0.61	.437

Low income

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	496.92	< .001
Minor	3.92	.048
Major	276.29	< .001
Extreme	203.85	< .001

Income by Employment

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	586.06	< .001
Minor	42.96	< .001
Major	339.24	< .001
Extreme	302.06	< .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	507.03	< .001
Minor	7.01	.072
Major	283.81	< .001
Extreme	217.90	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.012
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.039
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	517.31	< .001
Minor	8.06	.045
Major	280.28	< .001
Extreme	211.00	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.012
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.039
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	517.31	< .001
Minor	8.06	.045
Major	280.28	< .001
Extreme	211.00	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-10.40	-11.65	-9.15	< .001
None - Major	-22.64	-24.32	-20.96	< .001
None - Extreme	-33.67	-36.27	-31.06	< .001
Minor - Major	-12.24	-13.78	-10.70	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-23.27	-25.79	-20.75	< .001
Major - Extreme	-11.03	-13.79	-8.27	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-5.66	-9.50	-1.83	.007
Minor	-7.05	-9.67	-4.44	< .001
Major	-6.07	-10.16	-1.98	.007
Extreme	-11.95	-18.93	-4.97	.003

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	0.31	-2.43	3.05	.827
Minor	-2.58	-4.48	-0.68	.031
Major	-1.69	-4.87	1.49	.597
Extreme	-6.77	-13.19	-0.34	.119

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-2.03	-5.07	1.01	.760
Minor	0.22	-1.49	1.92	> .999
Major	1.75	-1.12	4.61	.760
Extreme	-1.67	-7.94	4.60	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	8.81	3.61	14.00	.003
Minor	9.98	6.78	13.17	< .001
Major	7.02	2.53	11.50	.004
Extreme	5.79	-1.96	13.53	.144

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-8.90	-10.43	-7.38	< .001
None - Major	-17.14	-19.19	-15.10	< .001
None - Extreme	-21.15	-24.34	-17.97	< .001
Minor - Major	-8.24	-10.12	-6.36	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-12.25	-15.33	-9.17	< .001
Major - Extreme	-4.01	-7.38	-0.64	.091

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-3.20	-7.68	1.29	.325
Minor	-7.86	-11.02	-4.71	< .001
Major	-7.83	-13.26	-2.40	.014
Extreme	-3.46	-12.40	5.47	.448

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	3.98	0.79	7.18	.059
Minor	-0.73	-3.02	1.57	> .999
Major	-1.19	-5.43	3.06	> .999
Extreme	-6.51	-14.72	1.69	.362

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	3.70	0.14	7.27	.167
Minor	-0.84	-2.89	1.21	> .999
Major	1.39	-2.40	5.18	> .999
Extreme	0.26	-7.82	8.34	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	10.90	4.83	16.96	.001
Minor	16.48	12.64	20.31	< .001
Major	14.78	8.83	20.73	< .001
Extreme	14.30	4.60	24.00	.004

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.67	-10.83	-8.51	< .001
None - Major	-19.90	-21.46	-18.34	< .001
None - Extreme	-27.43	-29.85	-25.01	< .001
Minor - Major	-10.23	-11.67	-8.80	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-17.76	-20.10	-15.42	< .001
Major - Extreme	-7.53	-10.09	-4.97	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-4.52	-8.00	-1.04	.022
Minor	-7.47	-9.89	-5.06	< .001
Major	-6.94	-10.90	-2.99	.002
Extreme	-7.71	-14.29	-1.13	.022

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	2.16	-0.33	4.65	.208
Minor	-1.63	-3.39	0.13	.208
Major	-1.43	-4.51	1.66	.365
Extreme	-6.58	-12.58	-0.57	.130

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	0.77	-1.99	3.54	> .999
Minor	-0.33	-1.90	1.24	> .999
Major	1.56	-1.21	4.32	> .999
Extreme	-0.69	-6.58	5.19	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	9.86	5.16	14.57	< .001
Minor	13.22	10.28	16.16	< .001
Major	10.84	6.51	15.16	< .001
Extreme	10.03	2.84	17.23	.007

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

• No \((N = 5319)\)
• Yes \((N = 2129)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	5.14	.023
Yes	5.14	.023

West

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	5	.025
Yes	5	.025

Northeast

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	2.51	.113
Yes	2.51	.113

Midwest

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	2.56	.110
Yes	2.56	.110

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	0.02	.883
Yes	0.02	.883

LatinX

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	20.32	< .001
Yes	20.32	< .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	47.34	< .001
Yes	47.34	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	82.39	< .001
Yes	82.39	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	62.59	< .001
Yes	62.59	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	59.55	< .001
Yes	59.55	< .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	59.55	< .001
Yes	59.55	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-8.23	-9.48	-6.98	< .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

• No \((N = 6073)\)
• Yes \((N = 815)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	4.5	.034
Yes	4.5	.034

West

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	1.05	.305
Yes	1.05	.305

Northeast

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.3	.586
Yes	0.3	.586

Midwest

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.6	.437
Yes	0.6	.437

Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.18	.675
Yes	0.18	.675

LatinX

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	23.92	< .001
Yes	23.92	< .001

Low income

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	31.47	< .001
Yes	31.47	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	72.15	< .001
Yes	72.15	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	39.89	< .001
Yes	39.89	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	45.91	< .001
Yes	45.91	< .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	45.91	< .001
Yes	45.91	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-11.23	-13.06	-9.41	< .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Cost \((N = 140)\)
• Unable to get time away from work \((N = 135)\)
• Inability to find childcare \((N = 234)\)
• Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1681)\)
• Caring for family members \((N = 127)\)
• Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 144)\)
• Other, please describe \((N = 400)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	1.75	.186
Time away from work	0.87	.351
Inability find childcare	1.09	.296
Concern for covid	0.43	.510
Caring for family	0.00	.974
Vaccine hesitancy	0.00	> .999
Other	12.05	.001

West

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.01	.907
Time away from work	1.38	.240
Inability find childcare	1.18	.278
Concern for covid	2.24	.134
Caring for family	1.24	.265
Vaccine hesitancy	0.55	.460
Other	0.53	.465

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	3.73	.053
Time away from work	1.68	.195
Inability find childcare	0.03	.863
Concern for covid	2.09	.148
Caring for family	4.32	.038
Vaccine hesitancy	1.74	.187
Other	1.68	.195

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.00	> .999
Time away from work	1.33	.248
Inability find childcare	0.04	.841
Concern for covid	0.19	.665
Caring for family	0.15	.701
Vaccine hesitancy	0.10	.756
Other	3.67	.055

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.00	> .999
Time away from work	3.09	.079
Inability find childcare	0.14	.709
Concern for covid	0.70	.401
Caring for family	0.04	.846
Vaccine hesitancy	6.84	.009
Other	10.95	.001

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	7.44	.006
Time away from work	1.23	.268
Inability find childcare	2.00	.157
Concern for covid	26.57	< .001
Caring for family	2.37	.124
Vaccine hesitancy	0.02	.876
Other	5.64	.018

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	10.65	.001
Time away from work	3.14	.076
Inability find childcare	24.86	< .001
Concern for covid	37.95	< .001
Caring for family	13.30	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	11.92	.001
Other	0.54	.462

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	22.10	< .001
Time away from work	13.13	.004
Inability find childcare	37.69	< .001
Concern for covid	68.73	< .001
Caring for family	22.98	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	23.64	< .001
Other	7.23	.065

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	13.79	.003
Time away from work	4.93	.177
Inability find childcare	26.41	< .001
Concern for covid	48.54	< .001
Caring for family	18.72	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	18.09	< .001
Other	14.90	.002

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	13.82	.003
Time away from work	7.86	.049
Inability find childcare	28.07	< .001
Concern for covid	57.50	< .001
Caring for family	21.64	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	16.63	.001
Other	5.75	.124

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	13.24	.004
Time away from work	5.45	.142
Inability find childcare	27.15	< .001
Concern for covid	39.68	< .001
Caring for family	14.11	.003
Vaccine hesitancy	15.91	.001
Other	10.98	.012

Related to well-being

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2422)\)
• No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1212)\)
• No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3440)\)
• Unsure \((N = 366)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.23	.635
No, not eligible	11.54	.001
Unsure	0.00	.949
Yes	15.66	< .001

West

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	5.24	.022
No, not eligible	1.03	.309
Unsure	1.31	.252
Yes	0.02	.888

Northeast

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	6.63	.010
No, not eligible	28.58	< .001
Unsure	0.06	.800
Yes	14.21	< .001

Midwest

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.14	.705
No, not eligible	0.08	.780
Unsure	0.59	.441
Yes	1.02	.313

Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	4.28	.039
No, not eligible	82.90	< .001
Unsure	0.74	.391
Yes	71.48	< .001

LatinX

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.62	.057
No, not eligible	62.27	< .001
Unsure	3.87	.049
Yes	35.12	< .001

Low income

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	4.88	.027
No, not eligible	1094.68	< .001
Unsure	6.61	.010
Yes	1307.99	< .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	14.70	.002
No, not eligible	1147.83	< .001
Unsure	9.80	.020
Yes	1350.51	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	21.47	< .001
No, not eligible	1125.95	< .001
Unsure	11.69	.009
Yes	1321.65	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	10.25	.017
No, not eligible	1121.16	< .001
Unsure	11.07	.011
Yes	1325.42	< .001

Income by South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	10.25	.017
No, not eligible	1121.16	< .001
Unsure	11.07	.011
Yes	1325.42	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, know how - No, not eligible	1.28	-0.36	2.92	.418
No, know how - Unsure	-3.80	-6.73	-0.87	.053
No, know how - Yes	-4.04	-5.77	-2.32	< .001
No, not eligible - Unsure	-5.08	-7.78	-2.39	.001
No, not eligible - Yes	-5.33	-6.63	-4.03	< .001
Unsure - Yes	-0.24	-3.00	2.51	.998

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

• Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1761)\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1328)\)
• No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1761)\)
• No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1321)\)
• No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 137)\)
• Not applicable \((N = 500)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.26	.609
No, didn’t know how	1.79	.181
No, not available	18.40	< .001
No, planned	0.26	.610
Yes	13.97	< .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.60	.207
No, didn’t know how	2.62	.106
No, not available	18.97	< .001
No, planned	2.31	.128
Yes	5.53	.019

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	4.21	.040
No, didn’t know how	0.88	.348
No, not available	0.00	.990
No, planned	7.14	.008
Yes	13.37	< .001

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.05	.306
No, didn’t know how	5.85	.016
No, not available	0.02	.883
No, planned	0.00	.954
Yes	2.09	.148

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.50	.221
No, didn’t know how	1.29	.256
No, not available	7.59	.006
No, planned	14.78	< .001
Yes	25.58	< .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.11	.293
No, didn’t know how	1.33	.250
No, not available	4.52	.033
No, planned	51.17	< .001
Yes	60.28	< .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.45	.503
No, didn’t know how	8.73	.003
No, not available	106.17	< .001
No, planned	193.22	< .001
Yes	513.17	< .001

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.45	.503
No, didn’t know how	8.73	.003
No, not available	106.17	< .001
No, planned	193.22	< .001
Yes	513.17	< .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	4.13	.248
No, didn’t know how	9.97	.019
No, not available	110.79	< .001
No, planned	210.52	< .001
Yes	542.18	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	5.13	.162
No, didn’t know how	16.30	.001
No, not available	110.33	< .001
No, planned	198.40	< .001
Yes	516.43	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.81	.612
No, didn’t know how	11.91	.008
No, not available	110.16	< .001
No, planned	224.86	< .001
Yes	539.68	< .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.81	.612
No, didn’t know how	11.91	.008
No, not available	110.16	< .001
No, planned	224.86	< .001
Yes	539.68	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
(N/A) - No, didn’t know how	3.53	-1.21	8.27	.590
(N/A) - No, not available	5.90	3.32	8.48	< .001
(N/A) - No, planned	4.79	2.20	7.37	.003
(N/A) - Yes	0.45	-2.04	2.94	.997
No, didn’t know how - No, not available	2.38	-2.04	6.79	.829
No, didn’t know how - No, planned	1.26	-3.16	5.67	.981
No, didn’t know how - Yes	-3.08	-7.44	1.29	.639
No, not available - No, planned	-1.12	-3.03	0.79	.782
No, not available - Yes	-5.45	-7.24	-3.66	< .001
No, planned - Yes	-4.33	-6.12	-2.54	< .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

• Very hard \((N = 545)\)
• Hard \((N = 814)\)
• Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
• Not very hard \((N = 4147)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	25.59	< .001
Somewhat hard	10.45	.001
Hard	2.81	.093
Very hard	4.40	.036

West

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	7.24	.007
Somewhat hard	3.35	.067
Hard	0.95	.328
Very hard	10.38	.001

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	7.04	.008
Somewhat hard	2.69	.101
Hard	0.44	.506
Very hard	1.90	.168

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	0.33	.568
Somewhat hard	0.07	.786
Hard	5.43	.020
Very hard	4.67	.031

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	39.39	< .001
Somewhat hard	10.74	.001
Hard	4.43	.035
Very hard	14.21	< .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	65.85	< .001
Somewhat hard	21.07	< .001
Hard	25.39	< .001
Very hard	2.54	.111

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	888.38	< .001
Somewhat hard	186.00	< .001
Hard	210.60	< .001
Very hard	283.25	< .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	995.88	< .001
Somewhat hard	218.91	< .001
Hard	225.54	< .001
Very hard	356.56	< .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	915.38	< .001
Somewhat hard	200.33	< .001
Hard	218.21	< .001
Very hard	285.97	< .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	918.83	< .001
Somewhat hard	193.45	< .001
Hard	232.19	< .001
Very hard	286.36	< .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	918.83	< .001
Somewhat hard	193.45	< .001
Hard	232.19	< .001
Very hard	286.36	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-10.71	-11.99	-9.43	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-17.93	-19.71	-16.15	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-26.40	-28.52	-24.29	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-7.22	-9.16	-5.28	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-15.69	-17.95	-13.44	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-8.47	-11.05	-5.90	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.48	-8.17	-2.79	< .001
Somewhat hard	-8.16	-11.58	-4.75	< .001
Hard	-6.26	-11.43	-1.09	.034
Very hard	-7.27	-13.23	-1.31	.034

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-1.05	-3.00	0.90	.389
Somewhat hard	-2.42	-5.02	0.17	.202
Hard	-2.52	-6.31	1.28	.389
Very hard	-8.60	-13.58	-3.61	.003

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-1.12	-3.06	0.82	> .999
Somewhat hard	0.68	-1.65	3.02	> .999
Hard	1.16	-2.39	4.71	> .999
Very hard	-2.40	-7.33	2.52	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	6.02	2.19	9.85	.006
Somewhat hard	10.75	6.67	14.84	< .001
Hard	5.92	0.80	11.04	.047
Very hard	6.80	0.83	12.76	.047

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-8.76	-10.30	-7.21	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-14.61	-16.77	-12.45	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-16.60	-19.16	-14.03	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-5.85	-8.21	-3.50	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-7.84	-10.57	-5.11	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-1.99	-5.10	1.13	.595

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.59	-8.76	-2.42	.002
Somewhat hard	-7.22	-11.38	-3.06	.002
Hard	-8.57	-15.19	-1.95	.023
Very hard	-4.20	-12.00	3.60	.292

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	1.83	-0.46	4.13	.354
Somewhat hard	-1.67	-4.83	1.49	.601
Hard	-0.54	-5.43	4.36	.830
Very hard	-6.95	-13.52	-0.38	.155

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	2.50	0.21	4.78	.130
Somewhat hard	-2.74	-5.56	0.09	.173
Hard	-0.97	-5.59	3.65	> .999
Very hard	-0.10	-6.50	6.31	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	12.88	8.39	17.38	< .001
Somewhat hard	17.49	12.56	22.42	< .001
Hard	13.42	6.86	19.98	< .001
Very hard	10.82	3.06	18.58	.006

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-9.73	-10.92	-8.55	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-16.29	-17.94	-14.64	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-21.51	-23.47	-19.55	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.56	-8.35	-4.76	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-11.77	-13.86	-9.69	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-5.22	-7.60	-2.84	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.59	-8.04	-3.13	< .001
Somewhat hard	-7.69	-10.87	-4.51	< .001
Hard	-7.43	-12.34	-2.52	.006
Very hard	-5.74	-11.39	-0.09	.047

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.39	-1.39	2.18	.861
Somewhat hard	-2.05	-4.47	0.37	.293
Hard	-1.45	-5.07	2.16	.861
Very hard	-7.73	-12.45	-3.00	.006

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.66	-1.11	2.43	> .999
Somewhat hard	-1.02	-3.18	1.14	> .999
Hard	0.05	-3.33	3.43	> .999
Very hard	-1.24	-5.90	3.41	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	9.45	5.96	12.95	< .001
Somewhat hard	14.12	10.35	17.89	< .001
Hard	9.57	4.73	14.41	< .001
Very hard	8.80	3.16	14.44	.002

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Food \((N = 1607)\)
• Housing \((N = 1742)\)
• Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
• Healthcare \((N = 771)\)
• Social \((N = 767)\)
• Emotional \((N = 826)\)
• Childcare \((N = 697)\)
• Other \((N = 210)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	3.08	.079
House	8.74	.003
Utilities	22.04	< .001
Healthcare	17.28	< .001
Social	2.44	.119
Emotional	0.22	.641
Childcare	5.53	.019
Other	0.54	.462

West

key	statistic	p.value
Food	1.38	.241
House	0.48	.490
Utilities	14.79	< .001
Healthcare	1.34	.248
Social	0.01	.932
Emotional	0.76	.383
Childcare	0.06	.801
Other	0.09	.767

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Food	6.70	.010
House	1.41	.235
Utilities	1.46	.228
Healthcare	16.36	< .001
Social	0.20	.652
Emotional	0.84	.359
Childcare	5.20	.023
Other	0.00	> .999

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Food	2.14	.143
House	2.34	.126
Utilities	0.04	.840
Healthcare	0.00	> .999
Social	2.13	.145
Emotional	1.36	.243
Childcare	0.11	.738
Other	0.16	.686

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	13.21	< .001
House	10.43	.001
Utilities	17.28	< .001
Healthcare	0.10	.749
Social	1.39	.239
Emotional	0.11	.743
Childcare	23.38	< .001
Other	0.48	.489

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	34.91	< .001
House	47.90	< .001
Utilities	43.05	< .001
Healthcare	8.43	.004
Social	0.04	.835
Emotional	1.00	.317
Childcare	1.02	.311
Other	0.00	.960

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Food	267.72	< .001
House	426.90	< .001
Utilities	765.29	< .001
Healthcare	9.18	.002
Social	150.99	< .001
Emotional	175.55	< .001
Childcare	34.73	< .001
Other	68.52	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Food	317.05	< .001
House	510.11	< .001
Utilities	868.88	< .001
Healthcare	35.65	< .001
Social	172.95	< .001
Emotional	210.92	< .001
Childcare	35.95	< .001
Other	76.54	< .001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	279.24	< .001
House	433.10	< .001
Utilities	788.77	< .001
Healthcare	11.17	.011
Social	164.48	< .001
Emotional	181.76	< .001
Childcare	55.47	< .001
Other	70.79	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	289.53	< .001
House	450.63	< .001
Utilities	782.78	< .001
Healthcare	20.75	< .001
Social	164.38	< .001
Emotional	196.92	< .001
Childcare	41.52	< .001
Other	70.88	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	280.21	< .001
House	437.62	< .001
Utilities	774.98	< .001
Healthcare	26.74	< .001
Social	167.09	< .001
Emotional	179.17	< .001
Childcare	39.36	< .001
Other	72.37	< .001

Related to well-being

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

• 0 \((N = 4234)\)
• 1 \((N = 686)\)
• 2 \((N = 947)\)
• 3 \((N = 774)\)
• 4 \((N = 431)\)
• 5 \((N = 222)\)
• 6 \((N = 102)\)
• 7 \((N = 57)\)
• 8 \((N = 4)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	24.95	< .001
1	1.82	.178
2	13.91	< .001
3	3.46	.063
4	0.47	.494
5	0.11	.743
6	0.87	.351

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	7.80	.005
1	0.87	.352
2	5.73	.017
3	0.49	.485
4	0.06	.803
5	0.04	.844
6	1.56	.212

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	7.08	.008
1	0.00	> .999
2	1.69	.193
3	1.18	.277
4	3.24	.072
5	0.15	.699
6	0.00	.982

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	0.15	.699
1	0.25	.616
2	0.27	.605
3	0.12	.729
4	0.16	.688
5	0.25	.618
6	0.07	.793

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	37.45	< .001
1	23.91	< .001
2	10.84	.001
3	0.47	.491
4	0.83	.364
5	0.08	.771
6	0.38	.537

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	63.83	< .001
1	19.86	< .001
2	17.87	< .001
3	5.38	.020
4	0.79	.373
5	0.06	.804
6	2.54	.111

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	857.00	< .001
1	89.33	< .001
2	189.68	< .001
3	125.54	< .001
4	89.00	< .001
5	30.62	< .001
6	19.27	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	963.62	< .001
1	97.55	< .001
2	231.95	< .001
3	139.70	< .001
4	92.94	< .001
5	44.59	< .001
6	29.17	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	884.96	< .001
1	102.77	< .001
2	195.81	< .001
3	134.00	< .001
4	91.62	< .001
5	33.46	< .001
6	21.84	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.003
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.126
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	886.00	< .001
1	99.96	< .001
2	198.62	< .001
3	127.36	< .001
4	92.96	< .001
5	38.55	< .001
6	25.30	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.368
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	886.00	< .001
1	99.96	< .001
2	198.62	< .001
3	127.36	< .001
4	92.96	< .001
5	38.55	< .001
6	25.30	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
5.31	4.98	5.64	< .001

Related to child well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.14	3.74	4.54	< .001

Related to family well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.72	4.42	5.03	< .001

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	24.95	< .001
1+	24.95	< .001

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	7.8	.005
1+	7.8	.005

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	7.08	.008
1+	7.08	.008

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	0.15	.699
1+	0.15	.699

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	37.45	< .001
1+	37.45	< .001

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	63.83	< .001
1+	63.83	< .001

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	857	< .001
1+	857	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	963.62	< .001
1+	963.62	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	884.96	< .001
1+	884.96	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.195
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	886	< .001
1+	886	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.195
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	886	< .001
1+	886	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-15.43	-16.52	-14.33	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.37	-8.02	-2.72	< .001
1+	-7.13	-9.80	-4.45	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-1.26	-3.18	0.66	.199
1+	-3.29	-5.33	-1.25	.003

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-1.14	-3.03	0.76	.241
1+	2.42	0.57	4.28	.021

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	6.38	2.63	10.14	.001
1+	9.87	6.98	12.77	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-11.71	-13.03	-10.39	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.41	-8.54	-2.29	.001
1+	-6.89	-10.16	-3.61	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	1.36	-0.90	3.62	.344
1+	-1.75	-4.26	0.76	.344

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	2.11	-0.13	4.35	.130
1+	-0.33	-2.62	1.95	.774

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	12.84	8.44	17.25	< .001
1+	15.64	12.11	19.18	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-13.57	-14.59	-12.56	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.45	-7.86	-3.03	< .001
1+	-7.01	-9.50	-4.52	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.05	-1.71	1.81	.955
1+	-2.48	-4.39	-0.58	.022

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.46	-1.28	2.19	.605
1+	1.04	-0.69	2.77	.475

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	9.61	6.19	13.03	< .001
1+	12.73	10.04	15.42	< .001